Module p branches to a local label of module q.Module p refers to local data of module q (in terms of a numerical displacement).module p modifies a statement of module q.Definition: A module directly references the content of another module.Content Coupling Accessing the internal data or procedural information Levels of coupling where Data coupling is lowest Common Coupling Lower the better Control Coupling Stamp Coupling Data Coupling Passing only the necessary information No Coupling Ideal, but not practical Coupling addresses the attribute of “degree ofinterdependence” between software units, modules or components.Minimize external interaction (coupling) Ĭoupling: Degree of dependence among components Loosely coupled-some dependencies No dependencies High coupling makes modifying parts of the system difficult, e.g., modifying a component affects all the components to which the component is connected.Maximize internal interaction (cohesion).Cannot simply chop a program into modules to get modularly.Reduces cost of testing, debugging and maintenance.Modularity enhances design clarity, eases implementation.Supports hierarchical structuring of programs. Modules support abstraction in software.Modularity supports independence of models.Coupling and Cohesion Source: Pfleeger, S., Software Engineering Theory and Practice.
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